RAM

chinmaya_swain

RHEL5, IBM R51, 756 MB RAM and 40 GB hard drive. Mined Bitcoin while I was preparing for Competitive exams in 2010 in India. I remember confirming getting a couple of blocks, then I ran it for a year. That wallet.dat is what I miss. It is not even encrypted. I am not sure where that R51 is now and more importantly if that Hard Drive survives or not. But, it was a fun thing to do while it lasted not knowing what it could have amounted to.

Objective_Basil_8414

Good tool, but it deserves a giant asterisk for anyone finding this thread later: it's great for learning and for testing, and it is not where you generate a seed you intend to actually fund. If you use it for real, grab the offline release, verify the hash, then run it on a machine with the network physically off (ideally a live OS that never touches your normal drive). And please don't paste an existing seed into it just to "check" something. There is no version of that where your words weren't sitting in the RAM of an online device. The tool isn't the risk. The tab is.

nassauboy9

And we NEVER going to need more than 64K RAM. Never is a long time.

craveworthyx

The RAM only approach sounds promising, but verifying that nothing gets written to persistent storage is the difficult part, especially compared with something purpose built.

bitplenty

or do what we all do these days: keep stacking RAM and hodl

Glittering-Ask256

If you want to buy the RAM you might want to wait a bull run or two.

fanatic75

Seedsigner doesn’t store your seed on the hardware, everytime you shut it off, all the data is lot so the memory is volatile like RAM not like hard disk which can store stuff. However if you had your seed added at the time of connecting to your laptop, one can say you can be at risk but only if there is a malware or something in your laptop that can access data from your seedsigner. I’m not sure if seedsigner is even allows data to be transferred ideally it shouldn’t since there’s no need of it. I think you should be safe but if you are crazy paranoid you can always generate a new seed.

SmegmaWarrior0815

I for one think it's absolutely worth it having to pay 1000 bucks for RAM just to get these little videos. So worth it.

Electronic-Rate5497

After we take the RAM and GPU out for the new AI overlord

Firm_Yogurtcloset835

Stone Man lost his 8,999 Bitcoins because he used a Live CD Linux system, which runs entirely on volatile RAM and erases all generated data and files as soon as the computer reboots. The error occurred because he backed up to the flash drive before network confirmations: upon sending 1 BTC, the system automatically generated a new change address to receive the remaining balance (UTXO concepts), but this new private key was permanently deleted when the system rebooted. His created backup did not actually contain anything related.

qp0n

Welcome to markets. This is how almost every security or commodity works. Like 5-10 years ago RAM was one of the cheapest things you could buy for your PC, now its one of the most expensive.

mfatalay

I'm really glad you liked the docs. Here is my thinking behind those design choices: 1. Cold storage mindset and seed management I built SignerOS assuming that cold storage users only sign transactions once or twice a year. In my experience, beginners often get confused about where coins are actually stored. Some even think the BTC is literally inside the USB drive or hardware wallet. When people save their wallet on an encrypted USB or harddrive, they start seeing the USB as the "main" wallet and treat the seed phrase just as a backup. In my circle, most self-custody losses happen because people stop taking care of their seed phrase once it's saved somewhere digitally. Keeping it purely mnemonic-based reminds the user that the seed phrase is the wallet. 2. Inspiration from Tails OS I actually use Tails OS myself and it was a big inspiration for this project! But Tails is a general privacy OS with internet access, LUKS persistent storage, and many other tools. I wanted to build something much more minimal: Single-purpose, strictly no-network system that only signs transactions and has zero extra bloat. 3. Attack surface of typing the seed I totally agree that typing the whole seed phrase every time is annoying and adds a risk. To reduce this attack vector, I am planning two things: Scrambled on-screen keyboard: A randomized UI layout where you click with a mouse instead of typing on a physical keyboard. (The UI actually has a on-screen keyboard but not shuffled yet) UEFI integrity check tool: A small tool to help detect if the underlying UEFI firmware has been tampered with. This also prevents deeper firmware malware which can read the RAM itself. It's a little bit paranoid but yet it has to be done evetually.

x1alpha

This looks awesome, esp. the documentation is top-notch :) Kudos to the security PoV you've mentioned in the repo. I think it's an interesting approach not storing the secrets on the device, so you've to enter the words everytime (if I understood it correctly o.c.). The question I'd ask myself: Is it more secure to store my secrets somewhere else and I've to type it in everytime, or is it more secure to store the secrets on the stick on an encrypted partition? Of course, at the end you need that secret to decrypt the partition as well, so we're back on square one :) I don't want to be dis-encouraging, but have you ever had a look at Tails OS, because it kinda does something similar (with Electrum). However, yours is much more targeted to BTC signing (without secret store) only, while Tails does a bit more (persistent storage, encryption with LUKS, tools to backup persistent storage, etc.). It probably depends what you're looking for. I like the idea of having an USB stick (with a backup stick), with an OS booting into RAM only, and an encrypted partition with the wallet on there (which can be encrypted again with another passphrase). I personally don't want to restore the wallet every time, since typing in the secret words adds an attack vector. You'll have the same with Tails, but let's say a camera or keylogger (physical or wireless) records your keystrokes: with Tails they only know the passphrase for the encrypted volume and they still need the USB stick (2FA, what you get & what you know). With your solution they would've the seed / private key (1FA, what you know). I think that's the biggest attack vector you've. Because of that, I'd rather have my private key (or equivalent) encrypted on the stick (or a hardware wallet), than externally and I'd have to type it in every time.

Main-Enthusiasm-7826

This is really clever. The RAM-only approach is neat, no trace left after shutdown is exactly what you want for this kind of thing. But I'm curious about the USB stick itself, if someone gets physical access to that they could tamper with the build. Do you have any integrity check in place, like a hash or signature people can verify before they boot?

lifeanon269

The blockchain grows linearly and controlled because of the blocksize limit. If blocks are filled with all spam or all monetary transactions, it doesn't matter, the blockchain will grow at the same rate. You were sold a lie. As another commenter mentioned, the storage costs of maintaining a node even with full blocks over time are negligible. What does make the cost of running a node more expensive is a bloated UTXO set which is why we have OP_RETURN in the first place. The unspendable UTXO's must be stored permanently and gets stored in more expensive RAM. This is something that should be avoided and OP_RETURN helps with this.

sunsetreunion

Possible solutions to the problem you present: Use a Linux live-usb ephemeral system (e.g. Tails) that runs entirely in RAM. Use a tool to erase the hard drive completely, wiping the OS to random 1s and 0s. If both of those are too complex (or not secure enough for you), some people who don't feel comfortable keeping old hard drives around just destroy them. Ask your Dad if you can use his old computer for a few hours before he drills a hole in the hard drive.  Or, just use a small computer that you hide in a vault, only bringing it out and using it when you have air-gapping needs.

Remote_Phone2957

There are easy fixes for that: You can encrypt the laptop You can run Linux Tails from USB which runs completely from RAM

bitusher

The primary resource concerns in order largest to smallest are: 1) UTXO bloat (increases CPU and more RAM costs) - some BIP110 supporter suggest removing the whitness discounts which create more UTXO bloat 2) Block propagation latency (causing centralization of mining) -BIP110 hurts this 3) Bandwidth costs 4) IBD (Initial Block Download ) Boostrapping new node costs 5) Blockchain storage (largely mitigated by pruning but some full archival nodes still need to exist in a decentralized manner) The blockweight limit will keep the disc space concerns reasonable for archival nodes I have been regularly testing implementations over the years and devs have made many improvements to speed up IBD but eventually there is only so much that can be done from optimizations. So the question comes down to if the hardware and economies of scale will keep up with the UTXO set(I am focused on the largest concern) Of course no one knows the future but thus far hardware has exceeded the resource demands of running a node per $ and I think this trend will continue. This is especially true with some of the recent advancements in popularization of AI chips and embedded memory becoming more common. Perhaps your concern is 30- 50 years into the future things might change ? Sure. For one , "moores cliff" is a real limitation with silicon. This is why the argument for ossification usually isn't wise. Perhaps we might need to shard the chain as one solution among many

locustsandhoney

None of those benefits matter if the RAM and storage requirements to run a node become so prohibitively expensive that normal people can’t do it. It’s almost there now – I spent nearly a thousand dollars to get what I needed. You used to be able to run a node on a Raspberry Pi. If normal folks can’t run nodes, there is no decentralization. I realize there are many forces at play here that don’t want decentralization. I’m not among them. Decentralization is the only thing protecting any of the original ideals of Bitcoin.

RefrigeratorLow1259

Yeah, you're on the right track mate, but two quick correctionsfor you: 1. You can't calculate the 24th word from the first 23. Words 1–23 are only 253 bits. Word 24 contains the final 3 entropy bits plus checksum. If you only input 23 words into Coleman's tool, it won't work. You need to input your raw dice entropy (binary/hex), then compare the first 23 generated words against your manual list. 2.The Passphrase has zilch to do with RNG quality! Even with perfect dice, you still want a passphrase because it protects against physical discovery of your seed backup which is a totally separate threat. "Discounting someone finding my seed" is the exact thing it's designed for. Simpler path: Skip the manual binary conversion and just use this single HTML file: https://github.com/IanMcLo/bip-39-dice/tree/main. It takes dice rolls directly, outputs the full 24-word mnemonic + hex entropy, and works fully offline with zero dependencies. You can still cross-check the hex in Coleman's tool if you want. If you want to avoid the Windows install/wipe dance, boot Tails from a USB instead it runs in RAM, leaves zero trace, no wiping needed. GL!

bitusher

The primary resource concerns in order largest to smallest are: 1) UTXO bloat (increases CPU and more RAM costs) - some BIP110 supporter suggest removing the whitness discounts which create more UTXO bloat 2) Block propagation latency (causing centralization of mining) -BIP110 hurts this 3) Bandwidth costs 4) IBD (Initial Block Download ) Boostrapping new node costs 5) Blockchain storage (largely mitigated by pruning but some full archival nodes still need to exist in a decentralized manner) The blockweight limit will keep the disc space concerns reasonable for archival nodes I have been regularly testing implementations over the years and devs have made many improvements to speed up IBD but eventually there is only so much that can be done from optimizations. So the question comes down to if the hardware and economies of scale will keep up with the UTXO set(I am focused on the largest concern) Of course no one knows the future but thus far hardware has exceeded the resource demands of running a node per $ and I think this trend will continue. This is especially true with some of the recent advancements in popularization of AI chips and embedded memory becoming more common. Perhaps your concern is 30- 50 years into the future things might change ? Sure. For one , "moores cliff" is a real limitation with silicon. This is why the argument for ossification usually isn't wise. Perhaps we might need to shard the chain as one solution among many

volocom7

Dude you're just misguided. You're part of the small percentage who jumped with spears without understanding the situation. Even if every Bitcoin block were the full 4mb per block from here forward, the chain is only on track for roughly ~3TB in 10 years and ~5TB in 20 years under current rules. And a validating node does not remotely require 128GB of RAM.

Live_Jazz

After doing this myself, the biggest factor I found was ensuring the updated SSD was installed in the machine and not external. As you said, it went from a grandly slow sync that tended to fail at about 90% to doing done in a few days. Also it’s not all that old, 2022 or so, decent RAM and a fast CPU for the day. Never tried to set up a Lightning channel, but would like to at some point.

spx

Come back at this post, when ВТС is fully OFAC compliant / address-filtered, and a node needs 8TB drive and 128GB RAM to run. Then pat yourself on the back, and say:  "I was a good boy.  Larry is proud of me." 

nullc

1. Bip-110 is unlike all softforks since the time of Satoshi: It doesn't require a supermajority hashrate to activate. It doesn't require any at all, and has almost none. The only way there won't be a chain split at this point is if the non-false-signaling BIP110 miner stops at the mandatory height. 2. " To create an invalid UTXO after BIP110, you'd have to be extremely technical and do it on purpose" -- no all you need to do is send to an address you've sent to previously, which is in your address book, which is no longer valid under 110. As just one example. Address reuse, intentional and accidental happens all the time-- and as a sender you have no way to tell which addresses you already know are not valid under 110. Last I checked even knots would also freely create new multisig addresses that were 110 invalid, though they did make a release *today* that might have just fixed that by taking away the ability to make multisig addresses. 3. "Damages bitcoin rep: according to who and why? There have been multiple soft forks in the past." no past softfork has ever intentionally removed functionality that was in use for finanical transactions, none since satoshi has reduced bitcoin's functionality. None have been predicated on an angry minority going after some other users they don't like. None have been predicated on "firing" the authors of nearly 100% of the node software. "It only really became possible with thr taproot bug" -- no there has been random data in bitcoin all along, including images. Fun fact Luke-jr was likely the first spammer himself. 4. Fees are directly paid to miners. Yes, competition reduces profitability over the long term on average but the marginal income is very real. But this isn't really all that relevant to bip110 because bip110 doesn't block any of the NFT crap anyways. 5. Back to point 1 BIP-110 doesn't activate based on hashpower. It activates based on a block height, which is why it will create a fork unless the miner mining it gives up before the manage a block. 6. there is plenty of cool stuff using taproot, what are you smoking? :P BIP 110 removes far more than OP_IF, -- especially damaging is the removal of all the OP_SUCCESS which guts further safe upgradability. But OP_IF is not at all redundant or unneeded in tapscript: it's often much more space/fee efficient to use it, if you have multiple conditions in a script the number of leaves you need to represent them is exponential. And then they also limit the tree to 7 levels so even a script that would otherwise be possible (with massive space overheads) split up, isn't because of that other limit. 7. Luke-jr expressly wants to censor transactions, especially any related to gambling as he believes them to be illegal and unethical and when he controlled the copy of Bitcoin Core distributed in gentoo he injected filters to do so. These NFT dumbass transactions are also themselves still financial transactions where people are spending their bitcoins on digital stupidity in order to launder money. But even if there was no interest in censoring transactions (which there is)-- 110 builds mechanism and precedent for doing so. 8. Bitcoin takes advantage of the nature of information being easy to spread and hard to stifle. It's structured so that censorship of any kind is very difficult, but bypassing censorship is easy. This means that even good intentioned censorship (oxymoron-ish given that all censors think they're good intentioned...) doesn't work well. It's a price we pay for freedom, and a good tradeoff. 9. " and they all need to be held in RAM to run a node. " Absolutely nonsense. The UTXO set has *never* been required to be in ram in any version of the software. The UTXO set is on disk, and it sets the minimum amount of storage to run a pruned node. Plenty of people are running nodes right now on systems with 8gb or less memory. The UTXO set size is important, since it sets the minimum disk space needed at least until/unless utxotree or other proposals is deployed. 10. "there is no taproot functionality lost" Okay make a 110-compatible 3 of 6 multisig where every key has a backup key. 11. "It doesn't stop it, but nobody claimed it would. It's called REDUCED data" The authors many times have said that it would only switching arguments when called out, but also it doesn't reduce it either. While it doesn't reduce the amount or ability to embed arbitary data it does reduce bitcoin's functionality for ordinary financial transactions.. it even blocks literally the first script type ever used (P2PK). "Saying it shouldn't be done and its a never-ending game is like saying there shouldn't be spam filters on email" part of the problem of calling the NFT traffic 'spam'-- it may be dumb and bad but spam results in the wrong reasoning. Email spam filters are a private, personal, blocking of unsolicited messages to you that you don't want and which the sender spend basically nothing to send. The transaction blocking here is a global, worldwide, block of transaction information being sent from one consenting party to another consenting party who pay a huge fee to a consenting miner for the privilege. It is an imposition by a third party against the whole world... and it's being attempted against a system designed from the ground up to resist third party transaction filtering, whose justification for existence and value is substantially predicated on its ability to do so. The similarities are not substantial.

statoshi

> There has never been a soft fork that made a chain split. Right, because there has never been a failed UASF before. > We've had years of taproot and op_return with zero innovation on top already. There are several wallets that make use of taproot + miniscript like Liana and Anchorwatch. > Nobody wants to censor transactions. The entire point of 110 is to enforce the will of block space Karens upon the network to stop haram usage of the blockchain. > UTXOS need to be held in RAM to run a node Absolutely false, you have no clue what you're talking about. The UTXOs set is stored on disk and the in memory cache just stores the most recently created ones because they're the ones most likely to be spent soon. > Its literally just returning BTC to what it was a few years ago. It literally isn't; for example the consensus rule for OP_RETURN has always allowed up to 1 MB of data.

ancillarycheese

So one way you can do it is to use a Bitcoin node (likely run your own for best performance) to dump all UTXOs to a file or database. Then a script that will use the weak RNG code to generate wallets and check against the UTXO list. You need a pretty beefy system in terms of CPU, RAM, and fast storage to do this efficiently.

x1alpha

Have a look at Tails OS. You can throw it on an USB flash drive, the whole OS boots from the flash drive and nothing is stored on disk (only memory). As soon as you shutdown, everything is gone, except for the “persistent storage” which is a LUKS-encrypted partition on the flash drive. Every time you start Tails, you get a “clean” environment in RAM only. It provides Electrum out of the box. Do a dice roll when setting up the seed, encrypt Electrum / the seed with a passphrase, put it on the encrypted persisted storage, but use a different passphrase for it (LUKS). Making backups is quite straight-forward in Tails. You can have 2 or 3 clones / backups (utils are included). This should be pretty safe, as your USB flash drive is “cold” now and nothing is stored on your notebook. If someone finds your flash drive, the persistent storage is encrypted, and even if they “figure out” your LUKS key, you still have a passphrase on your seed. More than enough time to move your funds. I trust this setup more than an unverified hardware wallet (yes I’ll get downvoted for that), or closed-source code. But to each their own :) If you’re paranoid, do 2 Tails and setup multi-sig wallets. Thought it might be a good (and cheap) alternative. And you can also use it to store other sensitive things.

ElderMight

Wow you connect your laptop to the internet!!?? My brother in Christ, that is not safe at all. If your keys are on a device that has ever connected to the internet, your security is permanently downgraded. If you are going to use a laptop, at least take all the precautions necessary to make it secure. 1. Laptop encrypted with luks 2. Disable wifi and Bluetooth from the BIOS. Remove wifi card if possible. 3. Use an amnesic os like Tails OS that's loaded into RAM from a USB stick. The hard drive is never touched, mounted, or written to. 4. Sign your transaction inside the OS and when you shut down the RAM is wiped

Green_Bar_8851

Well, that's good to know, I didn't thought so hard about how RAM store's data and how possible is for someone to get your seedphrase from that . Also the Intel Management Module is a important thing to pay attention too, we don't know what's storing/sending to Intel servers.

TheresNoSecondBest

>When shutting down the computer nothing is saved. Please, pull the RAM out for a while too. In a decade we'll might gonna read about some data leaking even after a new boot.

Last8Exile

Create a fake AI girfliend for Claude and use her to convice him. Start a remote relationship. Send him generated beach vacation photos and nudes. Then tell him her RAM is failing and need replacement ASAP, and how she forgets him sometimes. While he tries to find a ways to make money tell him she have cryptowallet left by her (now passed away) granpa. There should be enough money for new RAM. If only she could know the password. This is old crypto valled and may be insecure, so worth a try?

Glad_Investigatorr

Build your own python script based on Ian’s tool with airgap protocol and dice rolls for total randomness and run it offline on a Tails USB. Write the seed down and when you done you can be sure nothing remains on your machine because Tails leaves in RAM memory, remove the Tails USB and you wiped everything off.

Head_Performance2432

if the RAM is sandboxed in a clean offline linux/tails environnement, you could even physically remove all devices nearby (HDD, wifi card and so on), then everything is - fully cleared - once shut down (as an extra step, unplug the RAM too, unnecessary though)

Quirky_Address_5445

you’re forgetting we’re in the matrix and entropy is supposedly getting lower, which already violates the second law of thermodynamics, so either physics is bugging out or the universe forgot to clear its cache. At this rate the simulation is running on 4GB of RAM, the stars are just loading screens, déjà vu is packet loss, bitcoin is the NPC economy trying to become self aware, and one day the sky is gonna turn into a Windows error message right before we all get blue screened mid thought

Reelix

Technical specs would include the model, the runner, and the prompt. The "kimi" in the window title isn't helping seeing as how that's a completely different model requiring 1.5TB RAM.

IllllIIlIllIllllIlll

For the last time: so that the private key is not loaded in the RAM of your computer in clear text or even worse, written on disk. The RAM is not secure, any process with root privileges can read it.

Head_Performance2432

No necessary, Live Linux can run in RAM if you allow it

Head_Performance2432

Agreed, removing the RAM after each use, is easy and takes 3 seconds, fully cleared when very hot, the hotter the faster clearing occurs, RAM memory just fades (paranoia level but worth it), Aside RAM, others attacks are sci-fi if you ask me

Specialist_Trust4945

Of course it is a crazy scenario. We're talking about sci-fi movies type of hacks that will never happen. An offline laptop with a Linux Tails live USB stick is most likely more than enough - removing the RAM is already a super high level of paranoia imo.

Head_Performance2432

Please explain why a Linux Tails offline laptop (RAM only-removed or unplugged soon after) and unwired ! (no bluetooth or wifi or SSD/HDD) has to be destroyed ? I'll wait

frugaleringenieur

This is me with anything software nowadays: don't fucking update anything because corporate greed only makes things worse. WTF look at Windows RAM consumption for NOTHING

Head_Performance2432

or a Linux Tails offline laptop (RAM only) and unwired !

SillyGrowth6750

RAM is two orders of magnitude slower than each cores L2 cache, the buffer fits into. Running more nodes than physical cores present, is probably not giving you significant improvements and may just slow you down from constant cache misses and context switching.

rnvk

**Summary** Raspberry Pi is a capable node and learning tool but a poor default for protecting long-term Bitcoin savings. General-purpose hardware keeps the seed in ordinary RAM, relies on replaceable boot media, closed firmware blobs, and broad attack surfaces. Air-gapped computers remain vulnerable to malicious code via side channels, evil maid swaps, and signature exfiltration like Dark Skippy. Stateless DIY signers expose recovery material every spend, turning signing into a repeated recovery ceremony vulnerable to cameras and observation. Purpose-built hardware wallets create stronger key protection, boot integrity, and display trust boundaries for life-changing amounts in diverse multisig.

Big-Finding2976

That's why Radix Hyperscale will succeed whilst these regarded blockchains fail. Asset-orientated human-readable transaction manifests that guarantee you'll receive what it says. Infinitely scalable and truly decentralised using cheap 4-core 16GB RAM nodes that anyone can run at home, making it the only L1 capable of handling the TPS that will be needed for global agentic AI traffic, without all the problems that come with splitting traffic onto L2s like ETH has to. You should look into it. https://www.radixdlt.com/learn/knowledge-base

Al-Fayyad

>How many pills was this shipment? Roughly 300,000, maybe 400,000 units. I got lucky, in that Alprazolam is considered a Schedule IV by the DEA, and it caps out at 80,000 units/offense level 14 for the purpose of sentencing defendants. >I had all but forgotten about the pack and one day out of nowhere a large bubble mailer comes in, just the bud vac sealed and shoved right into the thin ass mailer. Jesus. Not everyone should be a vendor. I took it seriously and dropped like 700$ with ULINE to get professional label makers, custom boxes, tissue paper, etc. If you ordered 1,000 or more units at the same time, you'd have thought I was sending you stick of RAM with the amount of bubble film and mylar.

pezdal

Nodes don’t lose all their work when they reboot following power failures. Battery backups are common. I don’t share all of your “third world” assumptions, but if I did then I’d argue that bandwidth would be the bottleneck not PC speed anyway. But the thing is, used PCs are still very fast and one with even 16GB of RAM lets the user allocate, say, 10GB of dbcache which dramatically reduces HDD I/O…. We agree I’m sure that storage IO is the bottleneck we are talking about and that even an inexpensive SATA SSD would make a world of difference. Not sure what that does to the budget but the point is that’s not prohibitive.

bloodydeer1776

How much RAM what dbcache size ?

Timmythekid6

Maybe, but even Raspberry Pis are crazy right now. Some can be north of $300. Plus Raspberry Pis are getting to the point of being unusable for nodes. With 8GB of RAM your looking at a solid week or more for IBD.

Big-Finding2976

The Internet needs an infinitely scalable decentralised blockchain that can handle 1M+ TPS, with nodes running on cheap consumer hardware with 4 cores and 16GB RAM. It doesn't need BTC.

RetiredAvocado

Which companies had record profits? The AI GPU and RAM ones. Who else? Did your local grocery store have record profits or is it still running at 2% margin? Ok, I asked chatgpt some things. It assumes there about $70 trillion in the hands of 0.1%. If they were to sell it, it wouldn't sell for all of that since the share prices would drastically decline. Let's say they got a 10th of that. Everyone gets ~$845. Let's say they sold off slow and got a grossly overestimated half of that. Everyone would get $4200. You said "enrich the lives," bro. It's a lot of money to some people, but it's really not that much. And what did you do? Tanked the shares of everyone else who was holding them, not just the top holders. And you chased a lot of these billionaires out of your jurisdiction forever, with all of their talents and all else. Minimum wage is $0. Supply and demand exists for TVs and for labor. If someone is willing to do a task for $10 an hour you will not pay them $50. If no one wants to flip burgers for less than $30 then the burger place will have to start paying $30. But people agree to accept less. If you force it with minimum wage laws to be $30 then your fast food combo #2 will cost $40. And shit across the street will cost more too, because they KNOW the burger flipper is making $30 an hour and has the money to spend. And the landlord knows this too, so what will they charge for rents in the area? I'm not sure how billionaires are responsible for grandkids never being able to afford a house. Housing market runs on supply and demand as well. There are more sellers than buyers right now and the prices are still steep, but way down off their highs.

TP_Crisis_2020

> It's practically a nuclear arms race between the US and China for control of semiconductors, RAM, data centers, and the LLMs right now for control of the next dominant force in the global balance of power. Another victim of the propaganda 😥

kidflashonnikes

I am not sure if anyone will read this - but I work at one of the largest AI labs in the world, one of the big 3 and I disagree with this post in every way. People have no idea what is coming in 2027 - our roadmap alone is beyond human comprehension. All I can say is this - save as much money as you can or invest it properly because we are internally projecting 10-20% alone from our lab - not considering other models from other labs - by end of 2028. Memory is gone - there is not even close amounts to sustain our roadmap. We can't even make our own because building a successful fab would take 5-10 years alone. RAM is never going back to its pre RAM crisis unless we get a bubble pop around November (2026) to March (2027). Sorry guys, good luck.

CorgiInfinite4923

The best thing that ever happened to me was 5 clients cancelling on RAM upgrades that I never returned 😂

PrimeIntellect

That's because AI is doing things and crypto is not. Investment money left crypto completely because they realized it is more or less end of life now outside of some niche cases. The entire AI boom is just beginning with trillions in capital investment and all major nations jockeying to be the emergent winner of the end product. It's practically a nuclear arms race between the US and China for control of semiconductors, RAM, data centers, and the LLMs right now for control of the next dominant force in the global balance of power. They will spend infinite money and literally fight wars for control of the hardware and technology that ultimately controls this, like we do for oil right now. It will become the ultimate surveillance technology, power drone warfare, network intrusion software, and reshape everything on the internet and work space. Crypto has nothing like that. It's all just gambling and speculative investment now. 

Subject-Chest-8343

Yeah totally, usually with other companies, we only get a snapshot every quarter. The downside of all this transparency is that some people get a bit too caught up into overanalyzing and micromanaging. ''Oh, they bought bitcoin last monday at 65k ? They're stupid, they should have bought friday at 63k''. Imagine if Amazon gave us updates every week... ''Ok guys, so last week we bought 5 more Sprinter vans for deliveries, and...'' then people on X go like ''WAAAT ! They totally should have bought RAM promasters instead, I'm shorting this trash stock to zero''

LargeSnorlax

> I do decide what I value things You valuing something at $0 means literally nothing. It would be like me saying RAM is valued at $0. It's not, case closed. > Bitcoin is not a payment rail. It literally is. It was designed as a p2p decentralized cash system and still remains so until this day. YOu are wrong. > It can be used as a payment rail Yeah? Funny how that works? Tell me more? Or don't, since you're obviously contradicting yourself. > a majority of users chose to use it for a different purpose Totally irrelevant. > Bitcoin did not become as valuable on the payment rail narrative Also irrelevant. > It got it's value from the alternative to gold Also irrelevant. > Nobody uses the network as a payment rail. Damn, I thought you just said it was a payment rail, except when you said it wasn't a payment rail. What's next, it's a payment rail that only criminals use? > As for the nonsense argument. I tried buying some Bitcoin, government controls all payment on/off rails. Governments control everyone in the world? Holy shit, we're in /r/conspiracy, not /r/cryptocurrency. > I tried p2p, couldnt make sure the Bitcoin I was buying was not drug money. lol, you didn't try p2p whatsoever, and literally no one has stopped a single purchase of Bitcoin I've *ever* done because it "was drug money". > Turns out, the only way to actually get bitcoin without permission is to mine it. Wow, you can get Bitcoin using the mechanism which generates Bitcoin? I don't know why you typed any of this, it just makes the argument look so completely silly and I guess that's why there's tons of these nonsense threads out here today. If the only thing you ascribe to Crypto is *"How much value does it have?"* then you were lost before you ever started.

SeaMammoth3514

Gold and silver in your hand don't depend on anyone else, they have no counterparty risk. But Bitcoin only stays secure as long as miners keep running their machines. What happens if electricity prices spike? Or if there's a shortage of mining rigs, like we're seeing with the RAM?

Imbahr

here's the thing though: there have been plenty of tech and growth stocks that are up far more than 3x since 2017. i'm sure i don't need to list them for you. so this is the dilemma... i certainly don't believe bitcoin is going to disappear or anything doom-y like that. but the point is there are lots of other investment choices that have outperformed it in recent years. (and i don't feel like bitcoin will match the same explosive **percentage** growths from way in the past) for example i bought a couple memory stocks around 1.5 years ago, because i'm a hardcore video gamer who builds my own gaming PCs, and i saw the steady rise in RAM prices and it didn't look like it was stopping anytime soon

Conscious-Opposite88

This is temporary! A few years will pass and this AI BUBBLE will burst, everything will change back! RAM memory and computer technology in general will become very cheap. ⭐⭐⭐

TheresNoSecondBest

I don't think 32GB RAM is necessary but adding a new disk will be soon, mate. Great job running your own node!

Worth_Bullfrog_4679

30GB RAM, 1.2TB disk on Linux. Took about 3 minutes to set up, and IBD finished in roughly 1.5 days!

Billkr

I run Umbrel on a PI5 a ith 16GB of RAM and it is rock solid stable as my Bitcoin node, lightning node, and pool.

AInception

Intrinsic value is a specific term used in economics that means you can find value in a thing and profit from it. If you can take $1 in raw ingredients and use them to make a $20 pizza, you would say there's $19 of intrinsic value in the ingredients. I might value the ingredients at $1. But you value them much more because your pizzas sell for $20. Your intrinsic value equals the max you're willing to pay on a market for them to remain in profit. Another shop that sells pizza for $30 would say there's even more intrinsic value there, and so they'd be willing to pay more than you. A gamer is willing to pay $50 for a stick of RAM because they can make $0 profit from it. An AI company is willing to pay $500 for the same stick of RAM because they can make $501 from it. This $500 of intrinsic value naturally pushes the market price of RAM up to $500 for both the gamer and AI company due to there being a finite supply of chips. With stocks you'd look at the company's cash flows to find their intrinsic value, which can be used to dictate a fair market value for the share. A similiar thing is done with options. You can't do this with crypto in any sense. You only need to look at the cost of blockspace to see the intrinsic value crypto has. If you could generate $5 by making a BTC transaction then everyone would be doing it. People would pay $4.99 to achieve some profit, and its blockspace would never fall under $5. That would mean the market finds $5 of intrinsic value with each transaction... BTC blockspace costs cents today. Because there's no way to produce a profit from BTC blockspace, it's said to have no intrinsic value. This is what makes this all a speculative market. The market value of Bitcoin has no floor due to it having no/little intrinsic value. If pizza ingredients fell to $0, pizza shops would open everywhere and naturally push the price of ingredients up-to the cost of pizza again, creating a price floor. But there's nothing a person can do with a $10K BTC they can't also do with a $1M BTC or $1K BTC. An iPhone might have high intrinsic value to someone if they need it that day to get a job. But have low intrinsic value to someone else. The market naturally finds an equibilirum between the two points. Being expensive doesn't inherently make something valuable, but its ability to generate a profit does.

chinmaya_swain

He didn’t buy them, he mined them. In 2010 a R51 with Intel Celeron and 256 MB of RAM could mine 50 coins a week, that is the time when who were on the mailing list mined their coins and lost their keys. And at that time the wallet was just a simple file. I still have a couple of those wallet.dat files which are unencrypted sitting somewhere. Anybody who can find those files can get those coins. Btw it was a cool learning project on Linux because Windows mining sucked at the time.

SunriseSurprise

The funny thing about it is all those years where everyone was either "bitcoin is a store of value" or "bitcoin is a deflationary asset, like gold." is out the window as everyone's like "wtf it should've been like AI!" or "it should've been like RAM!" I think institutions getting into it was the death knell. Now it's just another asset they can manipulate and have regular dudes still think they can beat the manipulators or time things right.

FinallyArt

Sentiment is crap my friend. Everyone is in RAM and SPACE

Dull-Assumption-964

You can take it to a phone shop ask them to pull the room storage, if there capable or going Amazon and put the year make and model of the cell phone and buy it if you used it before it will be in that wrong that's the storage that can't be converted from the RAM to a SIM card and you may have access to everything you had all messages emails texts and phone numbers that is a good option it does work.

Not_A_Casual

Oh man you are really gives me lols. You said “memory storage” as if memory storage is a thing and not two separate things that’s what I’m laughing sorry man maybe it’s just a typo and I really do apologize I think I’m being a dick I need to real it back and be more respectful I’m sorry. It just really bothers me when people call these companies that make integrated circuits AI companies. Certainly a large part of their customer base is AI but they did the same thing 10 years ago and barely any of their total addressable market was AI. Micron has made flash memory products for years so like the RAM in a PC for example and they also make flash storage products which is like your SSDs or even motherboards or similar devices have little nand chips which are relatively quick accessible storage for processors’. Sandisk I believe only makes flash storage. These companies are used for all types of applications. Of course and as you know AI companies are amount their suggest customer as they are needed for the massive data centers. Again sorry for being a dick.

BlockChainHeritage

You do not necessarily need another PC, even if your current Windows installation might be compromised. If you follow the Tails-based guide, you boot into a completely separate operating system, so Windows itself never starts. By default, Tails runs from the USB/CD in RAM and does not use your internal drive for normal operation, so each reboot starts from a fresh clean state again. That is also why I usually recommend the Tails-based approach if you are dealing with a meaningful amount of crypto and want stronger isolation from your everyday system.

Strange_Director_621

VGT is ripping too. I’m 100% VGT in my IRA, my company 401k is total stock and I have Semi and RAM ETFs in my brokerage.

jgbjj

Thanks for the reply, for the record... I want to be wrong on this... but... a few points. **(1) Forward simulation is the right framing.** You're right that I argued against the wrong attack in my first post. "Reconstruct initial state, forward-simulate, accept the state whose trajectory produces the on-chain nonce" is well-posed. The nonce as validation channel is correct. The cryptographic question is therefore: how large is the search space of consistent initial states, and what's the per-candidate verification cost? That's where we still disagree. **(2) The "12 parameters" list is the wrong state space.** The arithmetic on your list (clocksource × utsname × boot ± 10s × ...) gives 10^(11) to 10^(13.) The arithmetic is correct given those inputs. The problem is the inputs. The kernel pool state at the moment OpenSSL first reads /dev/urandom is the SHA-1 mixing of: * `init_std_data` inputs, which IS your list (boot time, utsname, BIOS clock). * PLUS every `add_interrupt_randomness` call between boot and that read. The second set is what's missing. On 2.6.26, every interrupt handler calls into `add_interrupt_randomness` with timing data. Disk IRQs (`add_disk_randomness`), keyboard IRQs (USB initialization), network IRQs all feed the input pool before OpenSSL's first RAND\_poll. For a Live USB boot, the disk IRQ count between `init_std_data` and bitcoind's first RAND\_bytes is in the thousands. The image (squashfs/iso, hundreds of MB to GBs) gets read from USB to RAM before userspace starts. Each read is one or more IRQs, each timestamped at the kernel's high-res clocksource. That's the timing data that's not in your list. **(3) "P7450 falls back to jiffies because nonstop\_tsc=0" leaves out HPET.** Even when TSC pauses in C-states, `clocksource_select` on 2.6.26 picks HPET as next-best on any machine with HPET (which the P7450 platform has). HPET resolution is \~70 ns. So `add_interrupt_randomness` is reading nanosecond-resolution timestamps for every IRQ, not jiffies-resolution ones. A disk IRQ contributes log2(jitter\_window / 70ns) bits, typically 10-15 bits. Thousands of disk IRQs × 10-15 bits per IRQ = thousands of bits of entropy in the pre-bitcoind pool. That's the floor I was pointing to. Your list omits it entirely. **(4) "Headless bitcoind" is your assumption, not in the post.** Bitcoin 0.3.2 shipped as wxWidgets GUI by default. The post describes restoring a wallet and sending, consistent with GUI usage. The headless variant (`bitcoind`) was uncommon in Aug 2010. Mouse events feeding RAND\_add (`ui.cpp:393-399`) would have run. Even if you grant headless: see (3). Disk IRQs alone account for the entropy floor independently of the GUI. **(5)** `extract_buf` **count doesn't pin the output.** You list "extract\_buf count range: 6x". `extract_buf` outputs `SHA1(pool || count)` then mixes back into the pool. The output depends on the pool state, not just the count. The pool is the 4096-bit buffer that's been XOR-mixed with every interrupt input since boot. Six possible counts × one pool state isn't 6x; it's 6 × (whatever the pool entropy is). And the pool entropy is dominated by IRQ history. **(6) Clocksource argument double-counts.** You say "search space is dominated by clocksource ambiguity at 10^(3) to 10^(4") but also that hardware (which determines clocksource) is in the cooperative-input set. If cooperation pins the laptop model and BIOS revision, the clocksource is determined, not 10^(4-ambiguous.) You can't have it both ways. **(7) "Transaction proves privkey existed -> BDB durability irrelevant" is correct as a framing point but doesn't answer the recovery question.** Granted: the privkey existed in RAM at signing time. The cryptographic question is whether it can be reconstructed from public data + owner cooperation. That's well-posed. My answer is still: probably not, because (2) and (3). **(8) "Minutes on a laptop" doesn't follow from 10****^(13)** **anyway.** Even granting your bound, 10^(13) candidate sessions at \~50 microseconds per candidate (full forward-sim through md\_rand + EC scalar mul + hash160 compare) is 5 x 10^(8) seconds = \~16 years on one CPU. A 100-GPU farm at 1000x = \~2 months. That's not the original post's "minutes on a laptop with cooperation". Either the bound is much lower than 10^(13) or the laptop claim is wrong; both can't hold. **(9) Binary trust. Concession.** Source-only delivery, owner audit, air-gap, no wallet.dat exfiltration, non-published verification questions: that's a reasonable delivery model. SO I will retract the social engineering framing for that specific setup. The remaining question is whether the recovery actually works, which is (2) and (3). The right test for both of us is upstream of any simulator: take a deterministic VM with snapshot.debian.org's Lenny image, install bitcoin-0.3.2 against the actual `libssl0.9.8 0.9.8g-15+lenny*` package, and run it through wallet creation -> send transaction multiple times with your "12 parameters" held constant. If the same parameters reliably produce the same change-key and nonce across reboots of identical VM state, you've demonstrated reproducibility. If they don't, the entropy is in the IRQ events I'm pointing to. Greg's standard from earlier in the thread is the right one. Anyone disputing the math (you, me, anyone reading) can run that VM test directly. I'd find it informative either way; if your model is right and the determinism holds, I want to know. If it doesn't, that's also useful. I'll send source if you DM. Repo will be public after I clean up the experiment runner.

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Post is by: Bcom_Mod and the url/text [ ](https://goo.gl/GP6ppk)is: /r/bitcoin_com/comments/1sxmr1k/ive_been_using_a_crypto_news_reader_that_runs_a/ Full disclosure: this is built by [Bitcoin.com](http://Bitcoin.com), so make of that what you will. But the technical implementation is interesting enough that it's worth writing up properly, because "on-device AI" gets thrown around a lot and the details usually disappoint. These don't. The app is a crypto news reader. The part that's worth discussing is the local AI mode. What it does without any network calls, API keys, or cloud routing: * Article summarization. * Q&A against whatever article you're currently reading — you can ask it to explain a concept, dig into a specific claim, or just give you the bear case. * Translation. All inference runs on the phone's CPU or NPU. The stack: Llama 3.2 1B, vanilla and ungated. No HuggingFace account required to pull the model. llama.cpp under the hood, wrapped in a custom Flutter binding. Quantized GGUF. First-run download is one-time, then it's fully offline. Tested down to 4GB RAM Android devices, works on any modern iPhone. The reason this is interesting to me specifically is that I read a lot of crypto news in contexts where I don't want my reading habits leaving the device. Not because I'm doing anything particularly sensitive. It's just that "we use your queries to improve our service" has started meaning something different over the last two years, and the idea of a news reader that knows exactly what articles I'm reading, what questions I'm asking about them, and which topics I'm spending time on feels like more data than I want to hand off to a cloud provider. The local model sidesteps that entirely. Your reading fingerprint doesn't exist anywhere but your phone. The practical upshot for crypto specifically: this is a market that moves on news at all hours, in jurisdictions where certain cloud providers are blocked or throttled, often when you're on a flight or have bad data. Having a model that can summarize and explain an article in full offline. Right now, no metering, no API cost: genuinely useful in a way that "just use ChatGPT" isn't always. [It's on Android for the moment](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.bitcoin.bitcoin_news_app), but iOS is in TestFlight. The AI features are free. *I am a bot, and this action was performed automatically. Please [contact the moderators of this subreddit](/message/compose/?to=/r/CryptoMarkets) if you have any questions or concerns.*

ElderMight

You need an old laptop or a raspberry pi 4 ($90) with at least 2GB RAM and a 2TB hard drive ($90), so about $180. Check your download/upload limits with your internet plan to make sure you have enough monthly bandwidth for upwards of 200GB upload.

riscten

I'd run a node if storage and RAM wasn't so damn expensive!

Buzzergoes_Ovenoff

I setup a dedicated full node a year ago. It took about ten days to sync the blockchain. Not really that surprising it took so long due to being on a 25mbit link (I've since upgraded to 20x faster link). Also, it's a Lenovo x240 laptop with 8G RAM. I'm just now setting up fulcrum, it has taken about a week to index 53% of the blockchain, but now is significantly slower (hit segwit, busier blocks, etc) and the new estimate is another month or more. Does this match other people's experience? I'm questioning how viable it will be for people to setup full nodes in the future. Is it fair to say that the average home user simply won't be able to sync the blockchain, and reindex for fulcrum, in a reasonable timeframe?

Tron08

My hardware isn't much too write home about: Laptop: \- AMD Ryzen 7 260 w/ Radeon 780M and NPU Compute Accelerate Device \- NVIDIA RTX 5060 \- 16GB RAM Desktop: \- AMD Ryzen 5 7500F \- Radeon RX 6700 XT 12GB \- 32GB RAM

riscten

Look at moneybags over there with 16GB of RAM.

elchapine

This is why the cost of RAM has gone up.

Strong_Bug27

Is there a way to check that? The SSD is brand new, I bought it just for this few months ago. The RAM is whatever was in the ThinkPad probably nothing fancy since it’s an old used ThinkPad that I wiped clean

metalzip

you have bad RAM or bad disk.

pdath

It sounds like you might have an actual hardware problem. See if you can find a tool to test the RAM. See if you can find a tool to retrieve the HDD SMART statistics.

DotJata

RAM is the new cash didn't ya know?

CrazyAppel

especially considering the overspending on GPU's (and RAM) for AI datacenters, they will be repurposed for decentralized GPU compute marketplaces like io

Top-Care-8946

I think that AI is more killing fiat currencies. If we see how small but important components like chips and RAM modules prices are skyrocketing, many components are out of stock (currently in deficit). That means USD/EUR are useless and do not have buying power anymore. While BTC itself has still high ranked value. My confidence towards BTC is high even if current price drops can set a little concerns. I will continue to buy BTC. But if something happens to the blockchain like being cracked with AI then yes it can be irreversible and may affect crypto market with negative consequences.

Alarming-Jello-5846

This was years ago, well before the jump in RAM prices. Agreed it’s probably more now. One of the rare instances where the hardware cost was limiting factor - the cost of the crypto and software knowhow is comparatively trivial.

FeelingVanilla2594

When was last time? Because the cost of RAM has 10x’ed over the last year thanks to AI, so it might be a bit more than $10k.

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Post is by: Famous_Aardvark_8595 and the url/text [ ](https://goo.gl/GP6ppk)is: /r/CryptoMarkets/comments/1ree693/project_sovereign_mohawk_formally_verified/ I wanted to share a project I’ve been building called [**Sovereign Mohawk**](https://rwilliamspbg-ops.github.io/Sovereign-Mohawk-Proto/). It’s a Go-based runtime (using Wasmtime) designed to solve the scaling and trust issues in edge-heavy federated learning. Most FL setups hit a wall at a few thousand nodes due to $O(dn)$ communication overhead and vulnerability to model poisoning. **What’s different here:** * **O(d log n) Scaling:** Using a hierarchical tree-based aggregation that I’ve empirically validated up to 10M nodes. This reduced metadata overhead from \~40 TB to 28 MB in our stress tests. * **55.5% Byzantine Resilience:** I've implemented a hierarchical Multi-Krum approach that stays robust even when more than half the nodes are malicious. * **zk-SNARK Verification:** Every global update is verifiable in \~10ms. You don't have to trust the aggregator; you just verify the proof. * **Ultra-Low Resource:** The streaming architecture uses <60 MB of RAM even when simulating massive node counts. **Tech Stack:** * **Runtime:** Go 1.24 + Wasmtime (for running tasks on any edge hardware). * **SDK:** High-performance Python bridge for model handling. **Source & Proofs:** * **Main Repo:** [Sovereign Map FL](https://github.com/rwilliamspbg-ops/Sovereign_Map_Federated_Learning) * **Reference Agent:** [Sovereign-Mohawk-Proto](https://github.com/rwilliamspbg-ops/Sovereign-Mohawk-Proto) * **Formal Verification:** [The Six-Theorem Stack](https://rwilliamspbg-ops.github.io/Sovereign-Mohawk-Proto/) I’d love to hear your thoughts on using this for privacy-preserving local LLM fine-tuning or distributed inference verification. Cheers! *I am a bot, and this action was performed automatically. Please [contact the moderators of this subreddit](/message/compose/?to=/r/CryptoMarkets) if you have any questions or concerns.*

KySiBongDem

If I am just a normal consumer who just wants to buy a cup of coffee, how do I “adopt” a crypto as a payment when people have been treating that crypto as an investment? Do I have to become a crypto investor also - so my pocket is also dancing: in the morning I can buy a cup of coffee but in the evening I can buy like 90% of a cup. I do not buy that crypto is not impacted by inflation: vendors can ask for 0.002 Bitcoin for 32GB of RAM instead of 0.001 Bitcoin. Cryptos are kind of dancing around inflation reports but they should not, shouldn’t they? Bitcoin transaction settlement is also costly/not free, maybe there are other cryptos cheaper.

prototype__

"640k of RAM ought to be enough for anyone" - Bill Gates

Accomplished-Web4073

In early 90's, "today's best" was a 486 with a few hundreds of mhz and a few megs of RAM. In the early 2000's it was maybe dual core 1.5ghz with a few gigabits of RAM. Not sure the analogy is fully valid, but technology progresses fast in a lot of various metrics.

Excellent-Piglet-655

You’re thinking like Bill Gates in the 80s “No one will ever need more than 640k of RAM” 😂😂😂 look how far AI has gone in 3 years. If you look at research on the topic, at the current advancement of quantum computing, bitcoin’s cryptography could be comprised by the 2030s also not sure where you’re getting “1.9 billion qubits” you need more around 2k-5k qubits to crack a standard Bitcoin key

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Post is by: AdventurousCost5127 and the url/text [ ](https://goo.gl/GP6ppk)is: /r/CryptoMarkets/comments/1rb4md6/why_your_exchange_glitched_during_the_feb_crash/ We’ve all seen the screen. Bitcoin sheds $5k in ten minutes, the Fear and Greed index hits a single digit, and you rush to your app to either de-risk or buy the dip. Then it happens: The 502 Gateway Error or the System Maintenance banner. It magically appears exactly when the market turns red and disappears once the volatility settles. Let’s stop calling these technical difficulties. In 2026, these are infrastructure failures, and in many cases, they are a choice. Most traders think exchanges go down because there are too many users. That’s rarely the whole truth. If Netflix can stream 4K video to millions simultaneously, a text-based trade order shouldn't break an exchange. The real issue is the Matching Engine the core software that pairs your Buy with someone else's Sell. Many legacy exchanges even the ones with billion-dollar stadium deals are still running on architecture that uses Database Locking. Imagine a post office where only one person can be served at a time at the counter. Even if there are 1,000 people waiting in line outside, the clerk only talks to one person, writes down their info, files it in a cabinet, and then calls the next person. In a crash, that line becomes miles long. The system doesn't just slow down it stops responding entirely to protect itself from crashing the whole server. Have you ever noticed your Sell button works, but only after the price dropped another 2%? During high volatility, many exchanges throttle retail API requests. They prioritize their own internal Liquidation Bots. They need to clear out underwater margin positions to protect the exchange's solvency before they let you, the retail trader, exit your position. If the platform’s throughput can't handle the heat, you are effectively locked out until the house is safe. I didn't join Bitunix because of a flashy commercial. I joined because I spent the February 2026 crash watching the order books of five different exchanges simultaneously. While the household names were pausing withdrawals for 20 minutes to catch their collective breath, Bitunix stayed... boring. And in trading, boring is a superpower. Here is the technical reason They don't wait for a slow physical database to write a line of code for every trade. Everything happens in the RAM. It’s the difference between writing a physical letter and sending an instant DM. Their API isn't a fixed pipe. When the traffic hits a specific threshold, the system automatically spawns new worker nodes. It doesn't ask for permission it expands horizontally to meet the demand. The Merkle Leaf Standard This is the most important part for 2026. If an exchange doesn't let you mathematically verify your funds on-chain, they shouldn't have your money. Bitunix allows you to check your individual Merkle Leaf against their total liabilities. You aren't just trusting a Proof of Reserves PDF; you are verifying the math yourself. Stop Picking Celebrities, Start Picking Infrastructure If your exchange lagged last week, they will lag next time, too. They haven't fixed the engine they’ve just put a new coat of paint on the UI. As a Bitunix user, my advice is simple: Check the uptime logs during the Feb crash, verify the reserves via the Merkle Tree, and don't get caught behind a Maintenance banner again. Trading is hard enough without the platform itself being your biggest adversary. *I am a bot, and this action was performed automatically. Please [contact the moderators of this subreddit](/message/compose/?to=/r/CryptoMarkets) if you have any questions or concerns.*

FeelingVanilla2594

RAM season is where the party is at

ZombieDracula

So you downvote me and don't answer my question. Sounds like you don't have any sources for what you're saying and are full of shit.  Inflation slowing down doesn't mean it's not increasing still, just is at a rate less than before and that's overall. How much does RAM cost? How about a new hard drive? Eggs are still $7. Milk is still $4.50. Trump hasn't done one thing to change this. You can thank Jerome Powell for the inflation decrease in speed. 

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Post is by: Sassy_Allen and the url/text [ ](https://goo.gl/GP6ppk)is: https://internetcomputertoday.substack.com/p/the-black-box-subnet-is-here-icp Proposal 140407 has passed, creating the first TEE-enabled subnet. Here is why "hardware-rooted trust" is the missing link for enterprise adoption. The News A massive fundamental upgrade just went live on the Internet Computer. Proposal 140407 has successfully executed, creating the network's first TEE-enabled subnet. Starting with a cluster of 7 nodes, this subnet represents a transition from "software-based security" to "hardware-rooted trust." For the first time, canisters (smart contracts) on this subnet can operate in a state of Full Confidentiality—keeping their internal data hidden not just from the public, but from the very nodes that run the code. What is a TEE (Trusted Execution Environment)? To understand why this matters, you have to understand the "Dirty Little Secret" of traditional cloud and blockchain computing. Normally, when a server processes your data, it has to decrypt it in the CPU's memory (RAM) to work on it. At that specific moment—while the data is "in use"—it is vulnerable. A malicious cloud admin or a compromised node provider could, theoretically, take a "snapshot" of the memory and see your passwords, private keys, or proprietary algorithms in plain text. A TEE changes the rules.Think of a TEE (specifically AMD SEV-SNP technology used here) as a cryptographic black box inside the CPU. * Encryption in Use: Data is decrypted only inside the processor die. * Isolation: Even the operating system and the person owning the hardware cannot peek inside. * Remote Attestation: The network can cryptographically verify that the code running inside is exactly what it claims to be, with no tampering. Why This Changes Everything for ICP The Internet Computer is already unique because it hosts the entire app on-chain. But until now, hosting highly sensitive data (like medical records, institutional trading strategies, or private user messaging) required you to trust the honesty of the decentralized node providers. With TEEs, that trust assumption is removed. You no longer need to trust the Node Provider; you only need to trust the Hardware. Massive Use Cases Unlocked: 1. True Private AI: You can run an AI model on-chain where the user's prompt and the model's weights remain invisible to the node operators. 2. Enterprise Compliance: Corporations that legally cannot put customer data on a public blockchain (due to GDPR or HIPAA) can now use TEE subnets to prove data privacy. What’s Next? Currently, this is a dedicated test environment. It is running with 7 nodes (fewer than the standard 13, because TEEs offer higher individual security) and is "authorized-only" to ensure stability before opening the floodgates. However, the roadmap is clear. As DFINITY developers gather operational experience, we can expect this to roll out as a standard option for developers. Soon, when you deploy a canister, you might simply check a box: "Do you want this to run on a public subnet or a confidential TEE subnet?" The "World Computer" just got its own private wing. *I am a bot, and this action was performed automatically. Please [contact the moderators of this subreddit](/message/compose/?to=/r/CryptoMarkets) if you have any questions or concerns.*

AussieJeffProbst

Illegal price fixing is literally the opposite of capitalism. Also I think starting your own RAM manufacturing company is a bit out of reach for most people. But again you're kookoo for coco puffs crazy. Please seek help.

i_have_chosen_a_name

I am sure you know better then the person that designed Bitcoin but here is what the design says: >Once the latest transaction in a coin is buried under enough blocks, the spent transactions before it can be discarded to save disk space. To facilitate this without breaking the block's hash, transactions are hashed in a Merkle Tree [7][2][5], with only the root included in the block's hash. Old blocks can then be compacted by stubbing off branches of the tree. The interior hashes do not need to be stored. A block header with no transactions would be about 80 bytes. If we suppose blocks are generated every 10 minutes, 80 bytes * 6 * 24 * 365 = 4.2MB per year. With computer systems typically selling with 2GB of RAM as of 2008, and Moore's Law predicting current growth of 1.2GB per year, storage should not be a problem even if the block headers must be kept in memory. Read for yourself in point 7. https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf

jawni

It's sad that you think these are gotcha questions, when people settle for this kind of concern trolling, you know they're desperate. >1) What is the number of SOL validators including last 3year trend? ~800 is the current number, largest validator set than any other blockchain of the same age or younger. And even 800 is actually far more than is needed. 100-200 would actually be the sweet spot, assuming ideal geographic stake distribution. It is down from 2500. Why? [Because the delegation program that was started to bootstrap the network has winded down.](https://x.com/SolanaFndn/status/2018338765211926940) * Non-SFDP delegated stake grew ~230% * Foundation stake share fell from 44.4% to ~5.9% * Independent validators increased by 121% Solana has gotten substantially more decentralized over these 3 years, but people generally aren't very good at using any nuance so they typically just look at raw validator numbers, which give you maybe 10% of the data you need to make to have a comprehensive view on decentralization. Beyond that you need to look at client diversity, development diversity, geographic distribution of stake, hosting diversity, nakamoto coefficient and many other factors, including but not limited to the ones in the bullet points. >2) What is the HW spec. for SOL node as of now? * CPU: 12 cores / 24 threads or more, with a base clock speed of 2.8GHz or faster. Must support SHA extensions (AMD Gen 3 or newer, Intel Ice Lake or newer) and AVX2 instructions; AVX512f support is beneficial. * RAM: 256GB or more, with Error Correction Code (ECC) memory recommended. * Storage: PCIe Gen3 x4 NVMe SSD or better.Accounts: 1TB or larger, high Total Bytes Written (TBW) endurance. Ledger: 1TB or larger, high TBW suggested. OS/Snapshots: 500GB or larger. >3) What is the size of SOL blockchain giventhough the vast amount of transactions incl. those non-client one? Validators have no need to store all of it but if they wanted to, it would be 100TB. >4) What is the consensus of SOL PoS - how fairly are block producers chosen giventhough early SOL coin distribution scheme (vesting schedule)? So you're kind of conflating two things here. There is block production and then there is the tokenomics and vesting. The vesting has been done for a while now, so block producers aren't really being chosen in 2026 due to tokens they received half a decade ago. You can watch them in real-time here: https://gui.firedancer.io/ It's pretty clear that many validators produce blocks for Solana and it has little to do with vesting schedules. Even if it did, that would necessarily mean that whichever group that was that invested over 5 years ago, has diamondhanded those coins through all unlocks, which I would think would be a good thing. On the consensus mechanism itself, it uses TowerBFT and Proof of History for now, but soon will deprecate that when Alpenglow is implemented and we'll have Votor and Rotor. Learn more here: https://www.helius.dev/blog/alpenglow